Government has proposed a one percentage point increase in the value-added tax (VAT) rate to 15%.

The increase was widely anticipated in tax circles as it is arguably the most effective way of raising significant amounts of additional revenue. National Treasury expects the hike, which will take effect on April 1 2018, to raise the lion’s share (R22.9 billion) of the R36 billion in additional taxes it hopes to collect in 2018/19 to stabilise the country’s fiscal situation.

“We have not adjusted VAT since 1993, and it is low compared to some of our peers. We therefore decided that increasing VAT was unavoidable if we are to maintain the integrity of our public finances,” finance minister Malusi Gigaba announced during his budget speech on Wednesday.

South Africa’s VAT system includes 19 basic foodstuffs – including samp, maize meal and rice – that are zero-rated. To limit the impact of the hike on poor individuals, this system will remain in place. Vulnerable households will also be compensated through an above average increase in social grants.

National Treasury said an additional personal income tax rate increase would have had greater negative consequences for growth and investment than a VAT hike.

“Moreover, significant shortfalls from this tax in 2017/18 suggest that further increases might not yield the revenue required to stabilise the public finances.”

Although the economic growth outlook has improved, growth remains elusive and GDP is only expected to expand by 1.5% in 2018, compared to Treasury’s earlier projection of 1.1%.

The VAT hike announcement will likely face significant push back from unions. Cosatu on Monday said it would not support any attempt by government to balance budget shortfalls and deficits upon the backs of struggling workers.

“Cosatu expects government not to throw the working and middle classes under the bus with VAT and income tax hikes… Workers are not the ones who have looted Eskom, SAA and the state.

“Government must remember workers are voters and they are tired.”

The union’s comments suggest that it may want to use the national election of 2019 as a bargaining chip to oppose a VAT hike.

Although Treasury did consider the introduction of a tiered VAT system, it said the VAT system was “not the best instrument for achieving redistributive goals”.

It said it was cognisant that personal income taxes have been raised in recent years and that it was not convinced that further hikes would result in substantial additional revenue.

“VAT is an efficient, certain source of revenue provided that its design is kept simple. Increasing the VAT rate by one percentage point is estimated to have the least detrimental effects on economic growth and employment over the medium term. The zero-rating of basic food items mitigates the effect of the increase on poor households.”

Treasury said the introduction of a tiered VAT system would require further enforcement, more resources at the South African Revenue Service (Sars) and could lead to legal uncertainty.

According to National Treasury, the wealthiest 30% of households contribute 85% of VAT revenue.

Lesley O’Connell, PwC VAT partner, says the VAT rate hike will result in additional costs for consumers as they will now have to pay an additional VAT on any purchases of goods or services from VAT vendors.

“This will have a major impact on households’ already tight budget. The implementation of the VAT increase for certain business will also be complex, and the implementation date of April 1 does not leave much time to allow businesses to effect the necessary system changes and enhancements.”

“This is the correct approach as we see further reliance on indirect taxes. This raises large amounts of revenue with relatively small increases in rates due to its broad base and economic efficiency. The effect that there is no amended list of zero rated foodstuffs is positive as it maintains the integrity and efficiency of the South African VAT system.”